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3. Mexican Political Biographies, 1884-1935
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5. MEXICAN POLITICALBIOGRAPHIES, 1884-1935by Roderic A. CampUNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PRESS, AUSTINTHE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYWASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITYLEXINGTON VA. 24450
6. Copyright © 1991 by the University of Texas PressAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaFirst Edition, 1991Requests for permission to reproducematerial from this work should be sent toPermissions, University of Texas Press, Box7819, Austin, Texas 78713-7819.©The paper used in this publication meetsthe minimum requirements of AmericanNational Standard for InformationSciences—Permanence of Paper for PrintedLibrary Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.For reasons of economy and speed thisvolume has been printed from computer-generated disks furnished by the author, whoassumes full responsibility for its contents.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataCamp, Roderic A.Mexican political biographies, 1884-1935 /by Roderic A. Camp. — 1st ed.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references.ISBN 0-292-75119-2 (cloth)1. Mexico—Biography. 2. Statesman—Mexico—Biography.I. Title.F1233.5.C28 1991920.72-dc20 90-39352CIPJUL 2 9 1991CREATIVE COMMONScb
7. To John and Mary Minassian, grandparents who brought history alive,and to the memory of Carl Solberg, a wonderful teacher
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9. CONTENTSA NOTE TO THE READER IXACKNOWLEDGMENTS XIHOW TO USE THIS BOOK XIIIHOW PERSONS WERE SELECTED FOR INCLUSION XVIIABBREVIATIONS OR TERMS USED IN THE TEXT XIXSOURCE ABBREVIATIONS XXITHE BIOGRAPHIES 1APPENDIXESA. Supreme Court Justices, 1884-1934 235B. Senators, 1884-1934 241C. Federal Deputies, 1884-1934 282D. Directors of Federal Departments and Agencies, 1884-1934 413E. Ambassadors to Cuba, France, the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, andthe United States, 1900-1934 426F. Governors, 1884-1934 428G. National Executive Committees of the National Revolutionary Party,1929-1935 446H. Presidents of Mexico, 1884-1934 449BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY 4 5 1
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11. A NOTE TO THE READERIN 1968, while conducting research on Mexican cabinet figures for mydissertation topic, I encountered a serious gap in biographical reference ma-terials on leading national political figures. In the ensuing years, I publishedMexican Political Biographies, 1935-75 (Tucson: University of ArizonaPress, 1976), Mexican Political Biographies, 1935-81 (Tucson: Universityof Arizona Press, 1982), Biografías políticos mexicanos, 1935-1988 (MexicoCity: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1991); and Who's Who in Mexico Today(Boulder: Westview Press, 1988), all of which deal with contemporary po-litical figures since 1935. The need for biographical information on publicfigures is reflected in the demand for these four successive books. Yet, sincethe initial publication, many individuals interested in Mexico have askedfor a complementary volume which would cover the earlier part of the twen-tieth century.The purpose of the present volume is to provide short, accurate biogra-phies of leading public figures, comparable to those included in my earlierbooks, extending back to the second administration of Porfirio Díaz, begin-ning in 1884 through 1934. This period in Mexican political history hasbeen more neglected in English literature than the post-1935 period. Inac-curacies abound, and much information about leading figures is just notavailable without engaging in primary research.The biographies include presidents, cabinet secretaries, assistant secretar-ies, oficiales mayores, senators, repeating federal deputies, Supreme Courtjustices, party leaders, prominent ambassadors, military commanders, gov-ernors, and other figures. In the appendixes, I have included complete listsof all cabinet secretaries and, for selected agencies, assistant secretaries, allSupreme Court justices, senators and federal deputies and their alternates,state governors, selected ambassadors, and their dates in office. Thus, thereader can readily find the name of an individual by the position held or, ifthe individual's name is known, consult the biographical section.Furthermore, I have designed this work stylistically to approximate theinitial volumes, so they can easily be used together. Both the biographicalentries and the appendixes, where possible, are comparable. I have especially
12. χ I A Note to the Readerattempted to follow political families back into the nineteenth century, andreferences in the biographical entries are made to individuals who are de-scendants of prominent figures in the present volume and who have distin-guished themselves in the post-1935 era.It has taken nearly two decades to accumulate this information. I believe,therefore, that anyone interested in contemporary political life will also findthis volume extremely insightful, since an essential ingredient in Mexicanpolitics in the last century is the persistence of family clans, over manygenerations, in leadership positions, readily illustrated by the notable de-scendants of the Sierra, Paz, Madero, Calles, Cárdenas, and other families.I believe these biographical data, and the appendixes, will be useful toanyone interested in Mexican public life. Collectively, these data provide aportrait of Mexico's political and military elite, their social origins, their tiesto leading intellectual and economic figures, and their influence over mul-tiple generations. Although I will be presenting an analytical study of Mexi-can political figures from 1884 to 1988 in another work, this volume alonemakes it possible to understand better the connections of the present lead-ership with their ancestors, and the changing characteristics of politicalleadership over time.
13. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSTHIS WORK has taken two decades to complete. It is the type of projectwhich is never complete. Biographical information on such a range of figurescan always be improved and made more accurate. Although working onmany other projects over the years, I have kept an eye open for bits andpieces of biographical information on numerous political figures. Many li-braries have aided this lengthy process, including the Nettie Lee BensonLatin American Collection at the University of Texas at Austin, the Libraryof Congress, and the Colegio de México library. I would especially like tothank Dolores Martin for facilitating my research at the Library of Con-gress, 1983-84, and Jorge Carpizo, who obtained access for me at the Na-tional Autonomous University of Mexico archives, 1985. I also want toexpress my thanks to Peter H. Smith for giving me his old files, and to StuartVoss and Michael Conniff for critiquing parts of this manuscript.
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15. HOW TO USE THIS BOOKBIOGRAPHICAL ENTRIES are entered by the father's surname, followedby the mother's maiden name. Many Mexicans, however, do not use theirmother's maiden name, or do so inconsistently, thus making it confusing toidentify an individual's career. When the mother's maiden name appears inparentheses, it indicates that the individual typically uses only his father'sname. The date of death, if known, appears below the individual's name inthe biography. If the date is not known, the word deceased appears. Severalindividuals, at the time of publication, may still be alive. In such cases, ofcourse, no information appears to the right of the name.The biographical information in the entries is divided into twelve cate-gories, to correspond with the early volumes. When information for anycategory is unavailable, the word unknown is entered. The word none indi-cates that the category did not apply to the individual biographee, such asno union activities or military service. When a position is italicized in abiography, it means that the position is also listed in the appendixes. Whena person's name is italicized in the biography, that individual has his or herown biographical entry. A name italicized in the appendix means that abiography of that individual appears in this book.The appendixes can be used to reconstruct the leadership of a givenagency over time. These appendixes make it possible to examine govern-mental positions without knowing the names of the officeholders. Also, forhundreds of important and lesser figures, whose biographies do not appearin this volume, a skeletal career of one's positions, that is to say, a politicaloutline of an individual, can be sketched by examining positions held. Thiscan be particularly useful for numerous minor figures about whom bio-graphical information would be difficult, if not impossible, to locate.The categories are:A] Date of birth.B] Birthplace, city and state, sometimes including the municipality ifthe city is a small village, mining community, or farm.c] Education: primary, secondary, preparatory, professional, and collegeeducation with the dates of attendance and graduation, if possible. Most
16. xiv / How to Use This Bookindividuals who attended college went to regional institutions, or profes-sional schools in Mexico City which became the National University ofMexico (later the National Autonomous University of Mexico—UNAM) in1910. The schools which form the antecedent of the National Universityare the School of Mines (later the National School of Engineering), the Na-tional School of Medicine, and the National School of Law, all located inMexico City. I have added the word National to the names of these schoolsto indicate they are the antecedents of those schools. The military college,which many of the military-political figures attended, is referred to in thebiographies as the National Military College, the antecedent of the HeroicMilitary College. In the nineteenth century, many individuals were certifiedas lawyers by the courts, and not by the schools themselves. When thoseinstitutions and the date of certification are known, they are included in thebiography. The entry "no degree" indicates that the individual never com-pleted professional or university studies. Teaching and administrative posi-tions at any level of education are also included in this category.D] Elective positions: any positions which at least nominally are at-tained through the electoral process, from council member to president. Pro-visional, interim, and substitute governors are not included in this category,but under the appointive governmental positions category. During the Por-firiato, 1884-1911, some individuals were elected simultaneously to morethan one position as federal deputies; thus duplicate dates and differentstates and districts are not errors. The individual could serve in only onepost, and his alternate was required to take the alternate post.E] Party positions: any known affiliations to a political party or cam-paign are included. Candidates for office are also included.F] Appointive governmental positions: any appointive office at the local,state, national, and international levels. I have attempted, if possible, tolist these in chronological order, to give a clearer notion of the individual'scareer. Many individuals hold multiple appointive posts, or appointive postssimultaneously with elective offices, and duplicate dates are not in error.G] Group activities, including intellectual, student, labor, and other or-ganizations. Only selected, numbered members in cultural or professionalacademies are noted.H] Nongovernmental positions: excluding education and the military,these include professional jobs, self-employment, ownership of land andfirms, and, generally, any post in the private sector. Also, if the individual isa significant author, poet, or artist, that information will appear in thisentry.I] Grandparents, parents, spouses, siblings, friends: relevant family data,including father's occupation, as well as information about relatives andfriends who have held important governmental positions. Particular care hasbeen taken to try to identify other relatives who have held prominent po-litical offices, or who are married to such individuals. The occupation of theparent is the most difficult variable about which to obtain information. I
17. How to Use This Book / xvhave used extensive genealogical sources to provide more information aboutfamily background. Political mentors are also identified.J] Military experience: detailed career information, if available, includ-ing date and rank of entry into service, date of rank, highest rank reached,important battles, if known, and faction supported during periods of rebel-lion. Many of the entries are based on Secretariat of War data. Guerrilla andrevolutionary activities also are included.κ] Miscellaneous information: unusual information about an individ-ual's career, including imprisonment, exile, cause of death, if not natural,duels, or some notable feat.L] Addition sources: books, reference works, government directories,newspapers, magazines, educational files. Biographical monographs aboutan individual are not cited, since they can be easily found in the card catalog.The word letter indicates that some of the information was confirmed by arelative or by correspondence from another source or agency.
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19. HOW PERSONS WERE SELECTEDFOR INCLUSIONINDIVIDUALS CHOSEN for inclusion in this work were selected on thebasis of positional and reputational criteria, and on the completeness andaccuracy of the biographical information available. From an original sampleof approximately 2,000 biographies, I had satisfactory data on 1,000 persons.Of those, more than 700 were selected for inclusion. Their biographies werethe most complete, and I could cross-check the information for accuracy,preferably in official government records as well as in published sources.To be included in this work, an individual had to hold one of the followingpositions: president of Mexico; vice-president of Mexico; cabinet secretary;subsecretary or oficial mayor; governor of a state; territory, or the FederalDistrict; senator; repeating federal deputy; justice of the Supreme Court;ambassador to the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union,France, or Cuba; private secretary to the president; chief of the presidentialstaff; chief of staff of the Secretariat of War; zone commander; presidentialcandidate; and party leader, opposition, or official.Naturally, the disadvantage of a positional approach as the basic criterionfor selection is that some leaders, intellectual, religious, guerrilla, or other-wise, who may have had an impact on the period do not qualify under thiscriterion. The argument can be made that during historical periods whenpolitical institutions are weak, or in flux, the number of these leaders in-creases. This is undoubtedly so, but remarkably, during the fifty-year periodthis book covers, with the exception of 1910-11, 1913-16, and 1919-20,that is, 6 years, the political institutions remain strong, and more important,most political figures, especially of national importance, hold one or moreof the above-mentioned positions. Indeed, the long-term trend throughoutthis period is one of increasing institutionalization. It is the leaders of theseinstitutions that I wish to portray collectively, since they are the ones re-sponsible for political development after 1934.I make no claim that all such figures are included, first because of inade-quate information, and second, because once you move from the realm ofobjective criteria, given its particular limitations, to subjective judgments
20. xviii / How Persons Were Selectedfor Inclusionabout whom to include and exclude, even broader criticisms can be raised. Ihave stuck with these criteria because they are clear, they are consistent,and they are compatible with the first volume. I believe this consistencysacrifices very little in terms of the broad sweep of political biography dur-ing the last century and clearly documents the "victors" of Mexico's insti-tutional structures.I have made a special effort to include constitutional deputies, 1916-17,and federal deputies elected under Madero, 1912-13, even if they only helda position once, since, as most observers have concluded, these electionswere among the freest in Mexican history, and the occupants actuallyearned their seat in the Chamber from the electorate, rather than beingrepeatedly appointed as the candidate of Díaz or some succeeding post-revolutionary regime. Constitutional deputies are given special considera-tion, too, because they are considered Mexico's twentieth-century foundingfathers.No matter how important the individual, no biography was included ifinformation was missing for three or more categories. Although I have cross-referenced information in these biographies in multiple sources, it does notmean that the information contained in the appendixes or biographies isinfallible, since government and nongovernmental sources prove to be in-accurate. In fact, I have had to make numerous decisions about dates ofbirth, dates of death, and years positions were held, since contradictory in-formation was common to most individuals included in the biographicalsection. Government records have helped to clarify career data, but, unfor-tunately, even government records use inconsistent spellings or wordingsfor individual officeholders, making it difficult to separate individuals withsimilar names.
21. ABBREVIATIONS OR TERMS USEDIN THE TEXTTHESE HAVE been kept to a minimum, for purposes of clarity. Several termsare not readily translated and therefore deserve mention.CEN National Executive Committee (Comité Eje-cutivo Nacional), used by the government par-ties to designate its executive administrativestructureGreat Committee (Gran Comisión), the most important commit-tee in the Chamber of Deputies, made up of thehead of each state delegation. The president ofthis body would have the status of a majorityleaderOficial Mayor No logical translation exists for this position inthe national and state executive branches. Atthe national level, this post is often third inrank, in prestige and power, after that of a sec-retary and subsecretaryPolitical Boss (Jefe Político), although we use the term in po-litical language to refer to a machine-style poli-tician, such as Richard Daley of Chicago, in thebiographies, during the Porfiriato, this was aformal political post, below that of governor,which had executive powers at the local levelor over large regions, including territories, suchas Nayarit, which later became states.UNAM National Autonomous University of Mexico orNational University (Universidad NacionalAutónoma de México)
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23. SOURCE ABBREVIATIONSAbreu GómezAguilar CamínAgraz, 1958Album de la PazAlmadaAlmada, 1968Almada, ColimaAlmanaque de AguasAlmanaque de ChiapasAlmanaque de OaxacaAlmanaque de PueblaAlmanaque de SonoraAlmanaque de TabascoErmilo Abreu Gómez, Sala de retratos(Mexico City: Secretaría de EducaciónPública, 1947)Héctor Aguilar Camín, La frontera nómada:Sonora y la revolución mexicana (MexicoCity: Siglo XXI, 1977)Gabriel Agraz García de Alba, Ofrenda aMéxico (Guadalajara, 1958)Ireneo Paz, Album de la paz y el trabajo(Mexico City: Ireneo Paz, 1911)Francisco R. Almada, Gobernadores delestado de Chihuahua (Mexico City: Cámarade Diputados, 1950)Francisco R. Almada, Diccionario de historia,geografía y biografía chihuahuenses(Chihuahua: 1968)Francisco R. Almada, Diccionario de historia,geografía y biografía de Colima (Colima,1939)Almanaque de Aguascalientes (Mexico City:Almanaque de México, 1982)Almanaque de Chiapas (Mexico City:Almanaque de México, 1982)Almanaque de Oaxaca (Mexico City:Almanaque de México, 1982)Almanaque de Puebla (Mexico City:Almanaque de México, 1982)Almanaque de Sonora (Mexico City:Almanaque de México, 1982)Almanaque de Tabasco (Mexico City:Almanaque de México, 1982)
24. xxii / Source AbbreviationsAlvarez CoralAmigosAndradeAranda PamplonaArmijoAzpuruaBalmoriBlue BookBojórquezBonavitBulnesBustillosCarrasco PuenteCarreñoC de DC de SChiapasco*ckcroftJuan Alvarez Coral, Galería de gobernadoresde Quintana Roo (Mexico City: Gobierno deQuintana Roo, 1972)Sociedad de Amigos del Libro Mexicano,Directorio de escritorios mexicanos (MexicoCity, 1956)Cayetano Andrade, Antología de escritoresnicolaitas, 1540-1940 (Mexico City:Vanguardia Nicolaita, 1941)Hugo Aranda Pamplona, Biobibliografia de losescritores del estado de México (Mexico City:UNAM, 1978)Raymundo Armijo Rodríguez, Este día en lahistoria (Mexico City: Editorial Letras, 1968)Ramón Azpurua, Biografías de hombresnotables de Hispano América (Mexico City,1877)Diana Balmori et al., Notable FamilyNetworks in Latin America (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1984)Blue Book of Mexico (Mexico City, 1901)Juan de Dios Bojórquez, Forjadores de larevolución mexicana (Mexico City, 1960)Julián Bonavit, Fragmentos de la historia delColegio Primitivo (Morella, 1910)Pepe Bulnes, Gobernantes de Tabasco(Mexico City, 1978)Antonio Bustillos Carrillo, Apuntes históricosy biográficos (Mexico City, 1953)Rafael Carrasco Puente, Datos históricosiconografía de la educación en México(Mexico City: Secretaría de EducaciónPública, 1960)Alberto María Carreño, La AcademiaMexicana Correspondiente de la Española,1875-1945 (Mexico City: Secretaría deEducación Pública, 1946)Cámara de Diputados, Memoria, eachlegislature, date, 1880-1988Cámara de Senadores, Memoria, eachlegislature, date 1880-1988Chiapas, 1925 (no publisher or date)James D. co*ckcroft, Intellectual Precursors ofthe Mexican Revolution, 1900-13 (Austin:University of Texas Press, 1968)
25. Source Abbreviations / xxiiiCollimatiCorderoCovarrubiasCovarrubias, I-IVCruzadoCuéllar ValdésCuevasCyTDávilaDBGM, 1984DBM68DGF50DGF51DGF56de ParrodiDicc michDir socialDP70DPE61DullesEBWDaniel A. Moreno, Colliman, 2 Vols. (MexicoCity, 1952-1953)Enrique Cordero y Torres, Diccionario Gene-ral de Puebla (Puebla, 1958)Ricardo Covarrubias, Los 67 gobernadores deMéxico independiente (Monterrey, 1952)Ricardo Covarrubias, Las calles de Monterrey,4 Vols. (Monterrey, 1970)Manuel Cruzado, Bibliografía jurídica mexi-cana (Mexico City: Oficina de Estampillas,1905)Pablo Cuéllar Valdés, Historia del estado deCoahuila (Saltillo: Universidad Autónoma deCoahuila, 1979)Gabriel Cuevas, El glorioso Colegio Militarmexicano en un siglo 1824-1924 (MexicoCity, 1937)Enrique Cordero y Torres, Diccionario biográ-fico de Puebla, 2 Vols. (Mexico City, 1972)José María Dávila, El ejército de la revolución(Mexico City: Slyse, 1938)Diccionario biográfico del gobierno mexicano(Mexico City: Presidencia de la República,1984)Diccionario biográfico de México, 1966-68(Monterrey: Editorial Revesa, 1968)Mexico, Dirección Técnica de Organización,Directorio del gobierno federal, 1950Mexico, Dirección Técnica de Organización,Directorio del gobierno federal, 1951México, Dirección Técnica de Organización,Directorio del gobierno federal, 1956Enriqueta de Parrodi, Sonora, hombres y pai-sajes (Mexico City: Editorial Pafim, 1941)Jesús Romero Flores, Diccionario michoacanode historia y geografía (Morelia, 1960)Directorio Social (Mexico City, 1935)Diccionario Porrúa (Mexico City: EditorialPorrúa, 1970)Directorio del poder ejecutivo, 1961 (MexicoCity, 1961)John W. F. Dulles, Yesterday in Mexico (Aus-tin: University of Texas Press, 1961)Biographical Encyclopedia of the World (NewYork: Institute for Research in Biography,1946)
26. xxiv / Source AbbreviationsEnc MexEnc de YucatánEnc Reg CoahEstradaExcélsiorFSREFuncFuscoGarcía CubasGarcía de AlbaGarcía PurónGarcía RivasGarridoGhigliazzaGodoyGómezGonzález DávilaGonzález de CossíoEnciclopedia de México (Mexico, variousyears)Carlos A. Echanove Trujillo, Enciclopedia yu-catense (Mexico City: Gobierno de Yucatán,1944-1947)Diccionario enciclopédico regional del estadode Coahuila (Mexico: Fernández, 1966)Genaro Estrada, Poetas nuevos de México(Mexico City: Ediciones Porrúa, 1916)Excélsior (Mexico City)Funcionarios de la Secretaría de RelacionesExteriores, desde el año de 1821 a 1940 (Mex-ico City: SRE, 1940)Sergio Serra Domínguez and Roberto MartínezBarreda, México y sus funcionarios (Mexico:Litográfico Cárdenas, 1959)Federico M. Fusco and Félix M. Iglesias, Loshombres que rodean al señor general PorfirioDíaz (Mexico City: La Paz Pública, 1896)Antonio García Cubas, Diccionario geográ-fico, histórico y biográfico de los Estado Uni-dos Mexicanos (Mexico City: Antigua Im-prenta de Murguía, 1888-1891)Gabriel Agraz García de Alba, Jalisco y sushombres (Guadalajara, 1958)Manuel García Puron, México y sus gober-nantes, biografías (Mexico: Porrúa, 1964)Heriberto García Rivas, 250 biografías demexicanos ilustres (Mexico City: Diana, 1964)Luis J. Garrido, El partido de la revolucióninstitucionalizada (Mexico City: Siglo XXI,1982)Manuel Mestre Ghigliazza, Apuntes para unarelación de los gobernantes de Tabasco (Mè-nda, 1984)José F. Godoy, Enciclopedia biográfica de con-temporáneos (Washington, D.C.: Globe Print-ing Office, 1898)Marte R. Gómez, Biografías de agrónomos(Mexico City: Escuela Nacional de Agricul-tura, 1976)Amado González Dávila, Diccionario geográ-fico, histórico, biográfico y estadístico del es-tado de Sinaloa (Culiacán, 1959)Francisco González de Cossío, Xalapa (MexicoCity, 1957)
27. Source Abbreviations / xxvGonzález de la GarzaGordillo y OrtizGrimaldoGrueningGuerraHAHolmsHombres prominentesInd biogIllescasInguíñizIpiña de CorsiIpiña de Corsi, 1956IturribarríaJSHJusticiaLangstonLanuzaLeightLibro azulRodolfo González de la Garza, Mil familias deTamaulipas, Nuevo León, Coahuila y Texas,2 Vols. (Mexico City, 1980)Diccionario biográfico de Chiapas (MexicoCity: Costa Amic, 1977)Isaac Grimaldo, Apéndice de mexicanos dis-tinguidos (Mexico City, 1946)Ernest Gruening, Mexico and Its Heritage(New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1928)R X. Guerra, Le Mexique: De 1'Ancien Régimea la Revolution, 2 Vols. (Paris: L'Harmattan,1985)Hispano Americano or TiempoP. G. Holms, The Directory of Agencies,Mines and Haciendas, 1905-06 (Mexico City:American Book and Printing Company, 1905)Ireneo Paz, Hombres prominentes de México(Mexico City: La Patria, 1888)Arturo Blancas and Tomás L. Vidrio, índicebiográfico de la XLIII Legislatura Federal(Mexico City, 1956)Francisco R. Illescas and Juan Bartolo Hernán-dez, Escritores veracruzanos, reseñas biográ-fica-antològica (Veracruz, 1945)Juan Β. Inguíñiz, Bibliografía biográfica mexi-cana (Mexico City: UNAM, 1969)Matilde Ipiña de Corsi, La familia HernándezSoto de San Luis Potosí (San Luis Potosí, 1966)Matilde Ipiña de Corsi, Cuatro grandes dinas-tías en los descendientes de los hermanosFernández de Lima y Barragán (San Luis Po-tosí, 1956)Jorge Fernando Iturribarría, La generaciónoaxaqueña del 57 (Mexico City, 1956)Biografías de amigos y conocidos (Mexico:Cuadernos Americanos, 1980)Justicia (Mexico City legal review)William S. Langston, "Coahuila in the Porfi-riato, 1893-1911," Unpublished Ph.D. disser-tation, Tulane University, 1980.Agustín Lanuza, Historia del Colegio de Gua-najuato (Guanajuato, 1924)Hugo Leight, Las calles de Puebla (Puebla,1967)Rosario Sansores Pren, Libro azul de la socie-dad mexicana (Mexico City, 1946)
28. xxvi / Source AbbreviationsLibro de oroLinajesLópezLópez, HéctorLópez GonzálezLutrellMAHMárquezMartínez AlomíaMata TorresMedina, No. 20MelladoMestreMéxico y sus hombresMeyer, No. 12MontejanoMorales JiménezMorenoMundo LoH. Ruiz Sandoval, Jr., El libro de oro de Mé-xico (Mexico City, 1967-1968)Torsten Dahl, Linajes en México (MexicoCity: Casa Editora de Genealogía Ibero Ameri-cana, 1967)José López Escalera, Diccionario biográfico yde historia de México (Mexico City: Editorialdel Magistrado, 1964)Héctor F. López, Diccionario geográfico, histó-rico, biográfico y lingüístico del estado deGuerrero (Mexico City: Pluma y Lápiz, 1942)Valentín López González, Los compañeros deZapata (Morelos, 1980)Estelle Lutrell, Mexican Writers (Tucson,1920)Academia Mexicana de Historia, Memorias(Mexico City, various years)Joaquín Márquez Montiel, Hombres célebresde Chihuahua (Mexico City: Editorial Jus,1953)Gustavo Martínez Alomía, Historiadores deYucatán (Campeche: El Fénix, 1906)Ramón Mata Torres, Personajes ilustres deJalisco (Mexico City, 1978)Luis Medina, Historia de la revolución mexi-cana, periodo 1940-1952, Vol. 20 (Mexico: ElColegio de Mexico, 1979)Guillermo Mellado, Tres etapas políticas deDon Venustiano (Mexico City, 1916)Manuel Mestre Ghigliazza, Efemérides bio-gráficas (Mexico City: Antigua Librería Ro-bredo, 1945)México y sus hombres (Mexico City, 1905)Lorenzo Meyer, et al., Historia de la revolu-ción mexicana periodo 1928-1934, Vol. 12(Mexico City: Colegio de Mexico, 1978)Rafael Montejano y Aguinaga, Biobibliografíade los escritores de San Luis Potosí (MexicoCity: UNAM, 1979)Alberto Morales Jiménez, Hombres de la revo-lución mexicana (Mexico City: Talleres Gráfi-cos de la Nación, 1960)Daniel Moreno, Colima y sus gobernadores(Mexico City, Ediciones Studium, 1953)Sarah de Mundo Lo, Index to Spanish Ameri-
29. Source Abbreviations / xxviiNaranjoNakayamaNYTO'CampoOrtegaPalaviciniParrodiPasquelPasquel, 1972Pasquel, JalapaPavíaPavía, brevesPavía, judgesPeñaPeralPeral 47Pérez GalazPérez Lópezcan Collective Biography, Vol. 2 Mexico (NewYork: G. K. Hall, 1982)Francisco Naranjo, Diccionario biográfico re-volucionario (Mexico City: Editorial Cosmos,1935)Antonio Nakayama, Sinaloa, el drama y susactores (Mexico City: INAH, 1975)The New York TimesAurora O'Campo and Ernesto Prado Velázquez,Diccionario de escritores mexicanos (MexicoCity: UNAM, 1967)Ricardo Ortega, Pérez Gallardo, Historia ge-nealógica de las familias más antiguas deMéxico (Mexico City: A. Carranza, 1908)Félix F. Palavicini, Grandes de México (Mex-ico City: Sociedad Bolivariana, 1948)Enriqueta de Parrodi, Sonora, hombres y pai-sajes (Mexico City: Editorial Pafím, 1941)Leonardo Pasquel, Educadores veracruzanos(Mexico City: Editorial Citlaltepetl, 1983)Leonardo Pasquel, La generación liberal vera-cruzana (Veracruz: Editorial Citlaltepetl, 1972)Leonardo Pasquel, Xalapeños distinguidos (Ja-lapa: Editorial Citlaltepetl, 1983)Lázaro Pavía, Los estados y sus gobernantes(Mexico City: Escalerillas, 1890)Lázaro Pavía, Breves apuntes biográficos delos miembros más notables del ramo de haci-enda de la república mexicana (Mexico City:Dublán, 1895)Lázaro Pavía, Apuntes biográficos de losmiembros más distinguidos del poder judicial(Mexico City: Barroso, 1893)Antonio de la Peña y Peña, Vidas y tiempos(Havana: El Renacimiento, 1915)Miguel Angel Peral, Diccionario biográficomexicano (Mexico City: Editorial PAC, 1945?)Miguel Angel Peral, Diccionario biográficomexicano suplemento (Mexico: Editorial PAC,1947)Juan de Dios Pérez Galaz, Diccionario geográ-fico e histórico de Campeche (Campeche,1944)Abraham Pérez López, Diccionario biográficohidalguense (Mexico: Imprenta Unión, 1979)
30. xxviii / Source AbbreviationsPolíticaPuenteQesQQesQMQuirósRamírezRev de EjerRiceRomero AcevesRomero FloresRomoRouaixSánchez GarcíaSantamaríaSec of WarSerranoSiempreSierraSiliceoSociedadPolíticaRamón Puente, La dictadura, la revolución ysus hombres (Mexico City, 1938)Carlos Morales Díaz, Quién es quien en la no-menclatura de la ciudad de México (MexicoCity: Costa Amie, 1971)Quién es cada quien en Monterrey (Monter-rey, 1952)Roberto Quirós Martínez, El momento actual(Mexico City, 1924)Alfonso Francisco Ramírez, Hombres nota-bles y monumentos coloniales de Oaxaca(Mexico City, 1948)Revista de Ejército y Fuerza AéreaJacqueline Ann Rice, 'The Porflrian PoliticalElite: Life Patterns of the Delegates to the1892 Unión Liberal Convention," Unpub-lished Ph.D. dissertation, UCLA, 1979.Ricardo Romero Aceves, Maestros colimenses(Mexico City: Costa Amic, 1975)Jesús Romero Flores, Maestros y amigos (Mex-ico City: Costa Amic, 1971)Joaquín Romo de Vivar y Torres, Guadalajara(Guadalajara: Banco Industrial de Jalisco, 1964)Pastor Rouaix, Diccionario geográfico, histó-rico y biográfico del estado de Durango (Mex-ico City: Instituto Pan Americano de Geogra-fía e Historia, 1946)Alfonso Sánchez García, Historia elementaldel estado de México (Toluca: Gobierno delEstado, 1983)Francisco J. Santamaría, Semblanzas tabas-queñas (Mexico, 1946)México, Secretaría de Guerra y Marina, Esca-lafón general de ejército (Mexico City, 1902,1911, 1914)T. F. Serrano, Episodios de la revolución enMéxico (El Paso: Modern Printing, 1911)Siempre (Mexico City)Carlos J. Sierra, Historia de la administraciónhacendaría en México (Mexico City: Secre-taría de Hacienda Pública, 1970)Rosario Siliceo Ambia, Perfiles de gloria(Puebla: Centro de Estudios Históricos, 1969)México, Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Es-tadística, Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de
31. Source Abbreviations / xxixSosaTeixidorTorre VillarTorres MartínezUNAM, ENPUNAM, lawUNAM, medUTEHAValdís AcostaVelascoVelásquez BringasVilla, 1937VillaseftorWB48WB54WrightWWLA35WWLA40WWM45Geografía y EstadísticaFrancisco Sosa, Biografías de mexicanos dis-tinguidos (Mexico City: Secretaría de Fom-ento, 1884)Felipe Teixidor, Exlibris y bibliotecas en Mé-xico (Mexico City: Secretaría de RelacionesExteriores, 1931)Ernesto de la Torre Villar, Mexicanos ilustres,Vol. 2 (Mexico City: Jus, 1979)Gonzalo Torres Martínez, Los Torres de faenen Mexico (Mexico City: Editorial Jus, 1975)Inscripciones (UNAM, National PreparatorySchool, official registration records, all years)Inscripciones (UNAM, National School ofLaw, official registration records, all years)Inscripciones (UNAM, National School ofMedicine, official registration records, allyears)Diccionario Enciclopedia UTEHA (Mexico:UTEHA, 1950)José María Valdés Acosta, A través de las cen-turias (Mérida, 1931)Alfonso Luis Velasco, Porfirio Díaz y su gabi-nete, estudios biográficos (Mexico City: Edi-tores, 1889)Esperanza Velásquez Bringas and Rafael Helio-doro Valle, índice de escritores (Mexico City:Herrero, 1928)Eduardo W. Villa, Educadores Sonorenses(Mexico City, 1937)Ramiro Villaseñor y Villaseñor, Bibliografíageneral de Jalisco (Guadalajara: Gobierno delEstado, 1957)World Biography (New York: Institute for Re-search in Biography, 1948)World Biography (New York: Institute for Re-search in Biography, 1954)Laureana Wright de Kleinhans, Mujeres nota-bles mexicanas (Mexico City: Económica,1910)Percy A. Martin, Who's Who in Latin America(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1935)Percy A. Martin, Who's Who in Latin America(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1940)Percy A. Martin, Who's Who in Latin America(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1945)
32. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
33. Mexican Political Biographies, 1884-1935
34. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
35. The Biographies / 1AAbarca Pérez, Juan(Deceased) A] June 24, 1893. B] Penja-millo, Michoacán. C] Primary studies,Penjamillo; preparatory studies, Morelia,1907; no degree. D] Federal deputyfrom the State of Michoacán, Dist. 19,1926-28, 1928-30. E] None. F] None.G] None. H] Journalist, began workingfor La Sátira-, reporter, El País-,foundedvarious newspapers during the Revolu-tion. I] Unknown, J] Joined the Consti-tutional Forces, 1913; paymaster, Consti-tutional Army; rank of captain; foughtunder General José María Maytorena.Κ] None. L] Mundo Lo, 28; RomeroFlores, 10; Peral, 10.Acosta (Guajardo), Miguel Ν.(Deceased April 1, 1947) A] September16, 1891. B] Chihuahua, Chihuahua.C] Early education unknown; no degree,·director, National Military College,1925-27. D]None. E] None. F] Oficialmayor of the Secretariat of War, 1924;secretary of communications and publicworks, 1932-34. G] None. H] None.I] Son of Domingo Acosta and EpifaniaGuajardo,· married Enriqueta Schneider.J] Fought against Pascual Orozco, reserveforces, 1912-13; joined the Constitution-alists, San Luis Potosí, 1913, rank of 2ndcaptain; captured and imprisoned, 1913;served under the command of LucioBlanco, Sonora, 1914; rank of It. colonel,January 9, 1914; rank of brigade general,1915; commander, 1st Brigade, 6th Divi-sion, 1916-17; commander of militaryoperations, Eastern Sector, Michoacán,·garrison commander, Ciudad Camargo,Chihuahua,· supported the Plan of AguaPrieta, 1920; secretary of the Council ofWar which sentenced Felipe Angeles todeath, 1920; commander, 1st Special Regi-ment, Federal District, 1923; foughtagainst the de la Huerta rebellion, 1923;rank of division general, October 21, 1924;fought against Jesús Μ. Aguirre in Vera-cruz, 1929; commander, 22nd MilitaryZone, Veracruz, 1934; special assignment,Rochester, New York; unassigned, Secre-tariat of War, 1936. K] None, L] Almada,1968, 9; Rev de Ejer, Sept., 1976, 124;Peral, 13; Dávila, 88; Dir social, 1935, 51;Enc Mex, I, 58; DP70, 17; WWM45, 1;López, 15-16.Acuña, Jesús(Deceased January 3, 1931 ) A] March 22,1886. B] Saltillo, Coahuila. C] Primarystudies in Coahuila; secondary studiesunknown,· law degree, National Schoolof Law, UNAM; enrolled, 1906. D] Con-stitutional deputy from the FederalDistrict, Dist. 8, 1916-17. E] None.F] Governor of Coahuila, 1914-15; secre-tary of government, 1915-16; secretaryof foreign relations, 1915-16. G] Mem-ber of the radical group of the First Na-tional Student Congress. H] Unknown.I] Son of Jesús Acuña and Mariana Narro.J] Joined the Constitutionalists, 1913; rep-resentative to the Convention of Aguasca-lientes, 1914-15. K] None. L] Peral, 14;Enc Mex, I, 64; Enc Reg Coah, 6.Adame (Alatorre), Julián(Deceased) A] January 14, 1882. B] SanFrancisco de los Adame, Zacatecas.C] Primary and secondary studies, SanFrancisco de los Adame; preparatorystudies, Scientific and Literary Instituteof Zacatecas; engineering degree, Na-tional School of Mines. D] Mayor of Za-catecas, Zacatecas, 1916; constitutionaldeputy from Zacatecas, Dist. 2, 1916-17.E] None. F] Interim governor of Zacate-cas; member of the National AgrarianCommission, 1924-28; engineer, Na-tional Irrigation Commission, Sinaloa,·delegate of the Department of AgrarianAffairs, Guerrero,· engineer, Secretariat ofHydraulic Resources, 1950. G] Founderand president of the Local Agrarian Com-mittee, Zacatecas, 1915. Η] None.I] Son of José Adame Elias and RafaelaAlatorre Ocampo. J] None. K] None.L]CdeD, 1916-17.Aguilar (Vargas), Cándido(Deceased March 19, 1960) A] Feb. 12,1888. B] Congregación de Palma y Mon-teros, Veracruz. D] Governor of Veracruz,June 20, 1914-June 24, 1917; constitu-tional deputy from the State of Veracruz,Dist. 15, 1916-17, first vice-president ofthe convention,· senator from Veracruz,1934-40; federal deputy from the Stateof Veracruz, Dist. 8, 1943-46. E] Presi-
36. 2 / The Biographiesdent of the Party of the Mexican Revolu-tion (PRM), 1951. F] Secretary of foreignrelations, 1918; confidential ambassadorto the United States and Europe, 1919.G] Founder of the League of AgrarianCommunities in Veracruz. H] Milkmanbefore the Revolution. I] Son-in-law ofPresident Venustiano Carranza-, marriedVirginia Carranza; brother of SilvestreAguilar-, uncle of Hesiquio AguilarMarañón, federal deputy from Veracruz,1967-70; great uncle of Hesiquio Aguilarde la Parra, federal deputy from Veracruz,1979-82. J] Joined the Anti-Reelectionistmovement under Francisco Madero in1910, served under General GabrielGavira, and became a Constitutionalist in1913; served as a chief of operations, butleft the army after President Carranza waskilled; rank of division general, 1944;commander of the Legion of Honor, 1950.K] Remained loyal to Carranza, 1920;joined the de la Huerta rebellion in 1923and was exiled; lived in San Antonio,Texas, 1920-25; publicized the corrup-tion in the PRM and was thrown out ofthe official party on June 10, 1944; wentinto self-exile in Cuba and El Salvador,1952-54; imprisoned for political reasonsin Veracruz, 1952. L] Peral 47, 5-6,DP70, 35, letter, Gruening, 584, UTEHA,284; López, 21.Aguilar, Jr. (Vargas), Silvestre(Deceased 1955) A] 1914. B] Córdoba,Veracruz. C] Primary studies in Córdoba,Veracruz, and San Antonio, Texas,· second-ary studies in St. Louis and Chicago; lawdegree, School of Law, University of Vera-cruz, Jalapa. D] Constitutional deputyfrom the State of Veracruz, Dist. 11,1916-17; federal deputy from the Stateof Veracruz, Dist. 9, 1937-40; federaldeputy from the State of Veracruz, Dist. 6,1943-46; federal deputy from the State ofVeracruz, Dist. 9, 1949-51, member of theCommittee on Forest Affairs, the LibraryCommittee, the First Balloting Commit-tee, and Executive Secretary of the FirstInstructive Committee for the Grand Jury.E] None. F] Employee of the Secretariatof Government; oficial mayor of the Stateof Veracruz under Governor Jorge Cerdán,1940-43; treasurer of Veracruz, 1946.I] Brother of Cándido Aguilar, son-in-lawof Venustiano Carranza and his secretaryof foreign relations; son, Hesiquio AguilarMarañón, was a federal deputy from Vera-cruz, 1967-70; grandson, Hesiquio Agui-lar de la Parra, was a federal deputy fromVeracruz, 1979-82. K] In exile in theUnited States and Cuba, 1920. L] Peral,20; C de D, 1937-40, 5; C de D, 1943-46, 5; C de D, 1949-51, 61; DGF51, 26,30, 34.Aguilar y Maya, José(Deceased November 30, 1966) A] July 28,1897. B] Jerécuaro, Guanajuato, c] Pri-mary, secondary, and preparatory,· Semina-rio de Morella, Michoacán, and Colegio deGuanajuato; law degree, National Schoolof Law, UNAM; professor of Spanish andliterature, Preparatory School, Guana-juato,· professor of general theory and ofpublic law, UNAM, for ten years, duringwhich he gained national recognition,·head, Department of Justice and Public In-struction, Guanajuato. D] Federal deputyfrom the State of Guanajuato, Dist. 13,1924-26; federal deputy from the Stateof Guanajuato, Dist. 12, 1926-; federaldeputy from the State of Guanajuato,Dist. 21, 1928-30; federal deputy fromthe State of Guanajuato, Dist. 7, 1937-40; governor of Guanajuato, 1949-55.E] None. F] Attorney general of the Fed-eral District and Federal Territories, 1928;attorney general of the Federal Districtand Federal Territories, 1930-32; attorneygeneral of Mexico, 1940-46; attorney gen-eral of Mexico, 1955-58. G] None. H] Di-rector general of Seguros de México, SA,1948; author of many works and emer-gency war legislation for President AvilaCamacho. I] Brother of Guillermo Agui-lar y Maya, federal deputy and attorneygeneral of the Federal District; friend ofSenator Enrique Colunga, governor ofGuanajuato, 1923-27, and minister of gov-ernment under President Alvaro Obregón;married María Tinajero; father was a smalllandowner, J] None. K] Attributes hisnomination as governor of Guanajuato toteaching students who later became piv-otal men in the Mexican political system;leader of political faction in Guanajuatoknown as the "Reds"; supported candi-dacy of Ernesto Hidalgo as governor, 1943.L] WWM45, 1; HA, 18 Feb. 1957, 6;
37. The Biographies / 3HA, 28 Sept. 1953; DP70, 38; Gruening,429; Peral, 18-19;EncxMex I, 214-15;WWLA35, 16; López, 25.Aguilera (Serrano), José Guadalupe(Deceased March 13, 1941) A] February 5,1857. B] Mapimí, Durango. C] Primarystudies in Mapimí; secondary studies atthe Juárez Institute of Durango, on ascholarship from Mapimí; prefect, JuárezInstitute of Durango; preparatory studies,National Preparatory School, 1876-77;engineering degree, School of Mines,1877-82; preparer of applied and analyti-cal chemistry, School of Mines, 1879-82;professor of mineralogy, geology, paleon-tology, petrology, National School of Engi-neering; professor of mineralogy, generalgeology, Mexican geology, paleontology,and soils, National School of Agriculture;professor, National Military College; sub-director, Geological Institute, 1891 -95; dir-ector, Geological Institute, 1895-1914;director of Geology and Geography, Schoolof Graduate Studies, National Autono-mous University of Mexico (UNAM).D] None. E] None. F] Subsecretaryof development, 1914. G] None. H] Resi-dent at the Smithsonian Institution,1884-86. I] Son of José Guadalupe Aguil-era and María Serrano,· married Lillie Gou-dille; disciple of Antonio del Castillo.J] None. K] Cofounder of the GeologicalInstitute, 1891; considered the father ofMexican geology. L] Dir social, 52; Car-reno, V, 5-22; Rouaix, 19-20; Gómez, 17;DP70, 39.Aguirre Benavides, Adrián(Deceased 1968) A] 1879. B] Parras de laFuente, Coahuila. C] Early education un-known; law degree, National School ofLaw, UNAM. D] Federal deputy fromthe State of Coahuila, Dist. 5, 1912-13;federal deputy from the State of Coahuila,Dist. 2, 1922-24. E] None. F] Legaladviser to Francisco I. Madero-, officiai,Secretariat of Water Resources, 1946.G] None. H] None. I] Son of RafaelAguirre, tax administrator, and JovitaBenavides; brother of Eugenio AguirreBenavides, revolutionary and subsecretaryof war, 1914-15; related to Francisco I.Madero; brother of Luis Aguirre Bena-vides, private secretary to Gustavo A. Ma-dero. J] Joined Villa, 1913. K] Awardedthe Belisario Domínguez Medal, October7, 1964. L] Enc Mex, I, 165; Gómez,22-23.Aguirre Benavides, Eugenio(Deceased June 2, 1915) A] September 6,1884. B] Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila.C] Primary studies in Parras de la Fuente,1892; abandoned studies in 1900 becauseof eyesight. D] Mayor of Torreón, Coa-huila, 1912-13. E]None. F] Sub-secretary of war, 1914-15. G] None.H] Began working on a ranch, 1900.I] Son of Rafael Aguirre, tax administrator,and Jovita Benavides; brother Alfonsomanaged Francisco Madero's graperanches after the Revolution; brotherAdrián Aguirre Benavides was a federaldeputy,· brother Luis was Gustavo Ma-dero's secretary,· related to Madero onmother's side. J] Fought under FranciscoVilla early in the Revolution, 1910; op-posed Pascual Orozco, 1912-13; joinedthe Constitutionalists, 1913; secretaryof Francisco Villa at the Convention ofa*guascalientes, 1914; captured and exe-cuted by General Nafarrate, Matamoros,Coahuila. κ] None. L] Gómez, 22-23;Moreno, 201-04; Peral, 21; Enc Mex,I, 165.Aguirre Berlanga, Joaquín(Deceased March 28, 1939) A] May 22,1885. B] San Antonio de las Alazanas,Municipio de Arteaga, Coahuila. C] Sec-ondary studies at the Ateneo Fuente, Salti-llo,· no degree. D] Constitutional deputyfrom the State of Jalisco, Dist. 16, 1916-17; federal deputy from the State of Ja-lisco, Dist. 16, 1917-18, 1918-20.E] None. F] Employee, Department of La-bor, State of Jalisco, 1939. G] None.H] Author. I] Brother of Manuel AguirreBerlanga, secretary of government, 1917-20; son of Esiquio Aguirre Berlanga andMaría de los Angeles Berlanga. J] Un-known. K] Supported Francisco I. Ma-dero, 1911. L] HA, 21 Feb. 1987, 37.Aguirre Berlanga, Manuel(Deceased October 4, 1953) A] January 28,1887. B] San Antonio de las Alazanas,Municipio de Arteaga, Coahuila. C] Sec-ondary studies at the Ateneo Fuente, Sal-
38. 4 / The Biographiestillo, Coahuila; preparatory studies atthe Scientific and Literary Institute ofSan Luis Potosí; law degree, NationalSchool of Law, UNAM, 1910; professor ofconstitutional law, University of Guadala-jara,· professor of administrative law, Uni-versity of Guadalajara. D] Mayor of Pie-dras Negras, Coahuila,· local deputy to thestate legislature of Coahuila, 1913; consti-tutional deputy from the State of Coa-huila, Dist. 1, 1916-17. E] Candidate ofthe Independent Liberal party for federaldeputy. F] Posts in the state governmentof Coahuila, 1911-12; secretary general ofgovernment of the State of Jalisco, 1914;governor of Jalisco, 1915-16; subsecre-tary of government, 1916-17; secretary ofgovernment, 1917-20; justice of the Supe-rior Tribunal of Justice of the FederalDistrict. G] None. H] Practicing lawyer,·author. I] Brother of foaquín AguirreBerlanga, constitutional deputy, 1916-17;son of Esiquio Aguirre Berlanga and Maríade los Angeles Berlanga; married MatildaRangel, J] Military commander of Jaliscounder General Manuel Diéguez, 1914-15.Κ] Remained loyal to Venustíano Ca-rranza in 1920; retired from public lifeafter Carranza's murder,· represented Ca-rranza in the United States. L] Peral, 21;DP70, 41; Dir Social, 1935, 52.Aguirre Colorado, Ernesto(Deceased 1939) A] November 6, 1889.B] Huimanguillo, Tabasco. C] Primarystudies in Huimanguillo; secondary stud-ies at the Hidalgo Institute, Villahermosa,Tabasco; first year of preparatory studies,Juárez Institute, Villahermosa, Tabasco,·continued preparatory studies at the Na-tional Preparatory School; left studies tojoin the Revolution, 1911; no degree.D] Federal deputy from the Federal Dis-trict, Dist. 5, 1917-18; federal deputyfrom the Federal District, Dist. 7, 1920-22. E] Founded the Anti-ReelectionistClub, Huimanguillo, Tabasco, July 31,1909. F] Tax administrator, Lagos de Mo-reno, Jalisco, 1920; director, Departmentof Cavalry, Secretariat of National De-fense; chief of staff, Secretariat of NationalDefense. G] None. H] None. I] Brotherof Fernando Aguirre Colorado, federaldeputy from Tabasco, 1920-22; brother ofGeneral Rafael Aguirre Colorado,· nephewof Aureliano Colorado, justice of the Su-perior Tribunal of Justice of Tabasco.J] Joined the Revolution under General Ig-nacio Gutiérrez in Tabasco, April 1911;captured by General Blanquet, 1913;rank of 1st captain, April 5, 1913; foughtagainst Victoriano Huerta's forces, 1913;rank of colonel, September 1914; rank ofbrigadier general, October 20, 1914; at-tended the Convention of Aguascalientes,1914-15; served under General SalvadorAlvarado in Yucatán, 1915; military com-mander of the State of Tabasco, 1915; gar-rison commader in Oaxaca and Guadala-jara,· commander of the 1st Mixed Brigadeagainst the forces of Adolfo de la Huerta,in Veracruz, 1923; rank of brigade general,June 1, 1924; inspector general of thearmy, 1926; commander of the 16th Mili-tary Zone, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 1926;commander of the 31st Military Zone, Ta-pachula, Chiapas. K] Detained by Gen-eral Samuel García Cuéllar, inspector ofpolice, Mexico City, for political activi-ties, 1910; left school to support Madero'sforces in Tabasco, 1911. L] DP70, 41;Dávila, 139-40; Peral, 21-22; Enc Mex,I, 166.Aguirre (del Hierro), Gabriel(Deceased September 15, 1908) A] 1826.B] Mineral de Batopilas, Andrés del Río,Chihuahua, c] Primary studies in Mine-ral de Batopilas,· law studies, San Luis Po-tosí, 1857-61, law degree before the Na-tional College of Lawyers, October 19,1861. D] Federal deputy from the State ofChihuahua, 1857-58; federal deputy fromthe State of San Luis Potosí, 1861; federaldeputy from the State of Chihuahua,1873-75; senator from the State of Chi-huahua, 1875-76; senator from the Stateof Chihuahua, 1880-84; local deputyto the state legislature of Chihuahua,1884-88; alternate federal deputy fromthe State of Michoacán, Dist. 9, 1892-94;alternate federal deputy from the State ofChihuahua, Dist. 6, 1904-06. E] Joinedthe Liberal party, 1857. F] Secretary tothe political boss of the Matamoros Can-ton (District), 1847; first councilmember,Matamoros Canton; political boss of Ma-tamoros, 1855-56; director of the Trea-sury Department, San Luis Potosí, SanLuis Potosí, 1858-59; paymaster general,
39. The Biographies / 5General Juan Zuazua's troops, 1859; dis-trict court judge, Chihuahua, Chihuahua,1864-65, 1866-68, 1869-73; districtcourt judge, San Luis Potosí, 1868-69;interim governor of Chihuahua, 1880;district court judge, Chihuahua, 1908.G] None. H] Concession from federalgovernment to develop his hacienda Ala-mos de Peña, 1897; operated coach line be-tween Chihuahua, Chihuahua, and Gue-rrero, Chihuahua. I] Son of Pablo José deAguirre and María de Jesús del Hierro.J] Captain, national guard. K] Supportedthe political group headed by Luis Te-rrazas against Carlos Pacheco, 1887.L] Almada, 1968, 199; Almada, 374-77.Aguirre Escobar, Juan(Deceased August 14, 1954) A] May 16,1874. B] Hacienda La Florida, Municipiode Patos (General Cepeda), Coahuila.C] Primary studies at the Villa de PatosPublic School until 1887; preparatorystudies at the Ateneo Fuente, Saltillo,1888-89; abandoned studies to help sup-port his family,· no degree. D] Consti-tutional deputy from the State of Zacate-cas, Dist. 8, 1916-17; federal deputy fromthe State of Zacatecas, Dist. 8, 1917-18,president of the Great Committee (ma-jority leader of the Chamber). E] Sup-ported the prerevolutionary politicalmovement of Ricardo Flores Magón,1906. F] Official, Secretariat of War, 1915.G] None. H] Laborer, United States,1892-93; miner, Concepción del Oro, Za-catecas, 1893-10; co-owner, San MarcosMine. I] Son of Jesús Aguirre Charles andIgnacia Escobar. J] Fought under EulalioGutiérrez in the revolution, 1910; servedin the Constitutionalist forces under LuisGutiérrez, 1913-16; represented GeneralLuis Gutiérrez at the Convention of Aguas-calientes, 1914-15; rank of brigadier gen-eral, 1924; retired from active duty, 1944.K] Participant in a revolt against govern-ment authorities, Concepción del Oro,1900. L] Peral, 22.Aguirre (Santiago), Amado(Deceased August 22, 1949) A] February 8,1863. B] San Sebastián, ex-canton (dis-trict) of Mascota, Guadalajara, Jalisco.C] Primary and secondary studies in SanSebastián; preparatory studies at the Liceode Varones, Guadalajara; mining engineer-ing degree, University of Guadalajara,· di-rector, National Military College, 1925.D] Constitutional deputy from the Stateof Jalisco, Dist. 11, 1916-17; senator fromthe State of Jalisco, 1917-18. E] None.F] Ambassador to the United States; am-bassador to various South American coun-tries,· director, Department of History, Sec-retariat of War; director, Department ofCavalry, Secretariat of War; subsecretaryof development, 1917-20; subsecretary ofa*griculture, 1920; secretary of communi-cations and public works, 1921-24; gover-nor of Quintana Roo, 1925; subsecretaryof war,· governor of Baja California delSur, 1927-29. G] None. H] Manager ofmines, San Andrés de la Sierra, Durango,·mining official, Pachuca and Real delMonte mines. I] Son of Amado IgnacioAguirre, prominent journalist, mining en-gineer, and Liberal, and Mariana Santiago,J] Supported Madero with money andarms, 1910; joined the Constitutionalistsas a major of engineers under General Lu-cio Blanco, 1913; rank of colonel, January2, 1915; commander of the 2nd Brigade,·chief of staff, General Manuel Diéguez,commander of the Fort of Guadalajara,1916; commander of the 15th MilitaryZone, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1916; com-mander of the 15th Military Zone, Gua-dalajara, Jalisco, 1924; rank of brigadegeneral, November 13, 1924; rank of divi-sion general. K] Supported General Esco-bar, 1929. L] DP70, 40; López, 26-27;Rev de Ejer, Sept. 1976, 123; Peral, 23; Al-varez Corral, 93; Agraz, 1958, 161; Villa-señor, 11.Ahumada (Saucedo), Miguel(Deceased August 6, 1917) A] Septem-ber 29, 1844. Β] Colima, Colima, c] Pri-mary studies in various colegios in Guada-lajara; abandoned studies to fight in theReform. D] Local deputy to the state leg-islature of Colima, 1876; syndic of City ofColima, 1880; governor of Chihuahua,1892-03; governor of Jalisco, 1903-11;governor of Chihuahua, 1911; federaldeputy from the State of Jalisco, Dist. 11,1913-14. E] None. F] Alternate prefectof the Central District of Colima, 1873-75;prefect of the Central District of Colima,1875-76; president of the Welfare Board,
40. 6 / The Biographies1892. G] President of the Society of Fed-eral Employees. H] Carpenter; customsguard, Manzanillo; interventor, Bank ofCommerce, Chihuahua; stockholder inMinera de la Reina y de Sagunto Company.I] Son of Ramón Ahumada and DoloresSaucedo. J] Private, Liberal forces, FrenchIntervention; fought under Donato Guerraand Ramón Corona, Jalisco,· commanderof the garrison, Colima, 1876; rank of col-onel, national guard, 1876; supportedPresident Lerdo de Tejada, 1876-77; cap-tured and amnestied by general FranciscoTolentino, 1877; commander of the NavalCustoms Station, Guaymas, Sonora, 1880;chief of the 3rd Tax Police Zone, 1881-86;chief of the 2nd Tax Police Zone, Chihua-hua, 1886. K] Went into exile in El Paso,Texas, 1914-17, after Huerta's forces weredefeated. L] Márquez, 278-81; Mata Tor-res, 61; Album de la Paz; Almada, 11-12;DP70,45; Mestre, 258; Enc Mex, 1,180-81;Godoy, 172; Almada, 426-34; Almada,1968, 21; Peral, appendix, 8.Alamillo, José Trinidad(Deceased October 16, 1937) A] June 9,1847. B] Villa de Chávez, Colima.C] Primary studies in the Colima Schoolfor Boys, Colima; no degree. D] Localdeputy to the state legislature of Colima,1891-97; alternate federal deputy hornthe State of Zacatecas, Dist. 2, 1906-08;alternate federal deputy from the State ofCoahuila, Dist. 4, 1908-10; alternate fed-eral deputy from the State of Coahuila,Dist. 4, 1910-12; governor of Chihuahua,1911-13. E] None. F] Official, secretarygeneral of government, State of Colima,1874; official, Criminal Judicial District,Colima; customs official, Colima; direc-tor, Government Printing Office and theDiario Oficial of Colima, 1885-87; politi-cal prefect of the 1st District, Colima, un-der Governor Gildardo Gómez, 1887-91.G] None. H] Printer; journalist. I] Son ofMateo Alamillo, fought the French in the1860s, and Jesús Carrillo,· married PaulaGuizar. J] Supported Victoriano Huertain the Revolution, 1913. K] Brought thefirst linotype to Colima. L] DP70, 49;Moreno, 61-64; Peral, appendix, 10;Mestre, 293; Pavía, 321-30.Alarcón, Manuel(Deceased December 15, 1908) A] 1851.B] Hacienda Buenavista, Santa María,Municipio de Cuernavaca, Morelos.C] Early education unknown; no degree.D] Local deputy to the state legislatureof Morelos, 1884; governor of Morelos,1896-08. E] None. F] Political bossof Cuautla, Morelos, 1883-84; politicalboss of Cuernavaca, 1887; interim gover-nor of Morelos, 1895-96. G] None.H] Rancher, 1876-77. I] Parents werepeasants, J] Volunteer under a ColonelCastelló against the French, 1866; rejoinedforces in Tepoztlán, Morelos, under Prisci-liano Rodríguez and General FranciscoLeyva, 1866; attached to the forces underPorfirio Díaz, 1867; chief of public secu-rity, Yautepec and Tetecala, 1868-76; sup-ported the Revolution of Tuxtepec, 1876;retired to civilian life, 1876-77; joined the5th and later 10th Rural Forces, 1877;rank of colonel, cavalry reserves, March11, 1890; appointed commander of themilitary forces in Morelos by GovernorCarlos Quaglia, κ] None. L] DP70, 52;Mestre, 233; Album de la Paz; México ysus hombres.Albístegui, Francisco(Deceased 1912) A] 1841. B] Hidalgo delParral, Chihuahua, c] Early educationunknown; no degree. D] Local deputy tothe state legislature of Chihuahua, variousyears, 1880s; federal deputy from theState of Chihuahua, Dist. 2, 1894-96,1896-98, 1898-1900; senator from theState of Guanajuato, 1900-04, 1904-08,1908-12. E]None. F] Unknown.G] None. K] Hid Porfirio Díaz from gov-ernment authorities, 1872. L] DP70, 55.Alcaraz Romero, Salvador(Deceased 1949) A] 1880. B] Huetamo,Michoacán . c] Primary studies in Hue-tamo; began preparatory studies at theAuxiliary Colegio of the Seminary of Mo-rella; completed preparatory studies at theColegio de San Nicolás, Morelia, Michoa-cán; civil engineer degree from the FreeSchool of Engineering, Guadalajara, Ja-lisco, 1909. D] Constitutional deputyfrom the State of Michoacán, Dist. 7,1916-17; federal deputy from the State
41. The Biographies / 7of Michoacán, Dist. 7, 1922-24. E] Sup-ported Madero, 1910. F] None. G] None.H] Civil engineer. I] Student at the Cole-gio de San Nicolás with Jesús Romero Flo-res, constitutional deputy, 1916-17; stu-dent of Ambrosio Ulloa at the Free Schoolof Engineering. J] Fought VictorianoHuerta's forces under General J. RenteríaLuviano, Michoacán, 1913-14; repre-sented General Alfredo Elizondo at theConvention of Aguascalientes, 1914-15.K] None. L] Flores Romero, 225-28;DP70, 58; Dicc mich, 16-17.Alcérreca, Félix María(Deceased 1937) A] May 18, 1845.B] Puebla, Puebla. C] Primary studies,Palafox Seminary, Puebla,· graduated as anotary public and lawyer, Mexico City,1867; enrolled in the Conservatory of Mu-sic, Mexico City, to study the violoncellounder Agustín Caballero, 1868. D] Fed-eral deputy from the State of Querétaro,Dist. 3, 1892-94, 1894-96; federaldeputy from the State of Querétaro, Dist. 2,1896-98, pro-secretary of the Chamber ofDeputies,· federal deputy from the State ofQuerétaro, 1898-1900, 1900-02; federaldeputy from the State of México, Dist. 4,1902-04; federal deputy from the State ofQuerétaro, Dist. 3, 1904-06, 1906-08,1908-10, 1910-12. E] None. F] None.G] President of the National College ofNotaries; director of the PhilharmonicSociety. H] Notary public; journalist formany Mexico City dailies; Director ofMusical Chronology-, founder of the Con-servatory Orchestra and first violoncello;composer. I] Related to General AgustínAlcérreca and General Agustín Alcérreca,Jr. J] None. K] Orphaned at the age offourteen. L] Mestre, 229; Godoy, 8-9;CyT, 25.Alcocer, Ignacio(Deceased May 2, 1936) A] December 21,1870. B] Saltillo, Coahuila. c] Earlyeducation unknown,· medical degree.D] Senator from the State of Coahuila,1914-16. E] None. F] Governor of Coa-huila, 1913; subsecretary in charge of gov-ernment, 1913-14; secretary of govern-ment, 1914. G] None. H] Physician;author of many books. I] Unknown.J] None. K] None. L] Enc Mex, I, 211;Mestre, 291.Alcolea (Sastre), Leandro M.(Deceased September 18, 1909) A] De-cember 8, 1842. B] Veracruz, Veracruz.C] Primary studies, public schools, Vera-cruz; studies in law in Havana, Cuba,·completed legal studies in Mérida, Yuca-tán, 1864; law degree before the College ofLawyers, Puebla, and the Superior Tribu-nal of Justice of Puebla, 1867. D] Localdeputy to the state legislature of Veracruz,1875; federal deputy from the State ofVeracruz, 1875-77; mayor of Veracruz,1885-88, 1892, 1894-96; federal deputyfrom the State of Veracruz, Dist. 1, 1896-98, president of the chamber, 1896; fed-eral deputy from the State of Veracruz,Dist. 1, 1898-1900, 1900-02, 1902-04,1904-06, 1906-08, 1908-09. E] None.F] Syndic of the 2nd Council of Veracruz,1869; judge of the 4th District, Veracruz,1870-71; political chief of Veracruz Can-ton (District), 1871-74; interim districtcourt judge, Veracruz, 1881-83; secretarygeneral of government of the State of Vera-cruz, 1883; first magistrate of the SuperiorTribunal of Justice, 1884; syndic of 1stCouncil of Veracruz, 1884-85; interimgovernorofVeracruz, 1892. G] Memberof the Political Military Association of Ve-racruz, 1870. H] Employee of Muriel,Ulibarri & Co., 1856. I] Son of Diego R.Alcolea and Felipa Sastre; son Rafael Alco-lea served as an alternate federal deputyfrom Veracruz, 1902-06, and federaldeputy, 1910-12; daughter Isabella Alco-lea married Félix Díaz, nephew of PorfirioDíaz and presidential chief of staff; closepolitical associate of Teodoro A. Dehesa,governor of Veracruz, J] None, κ] Joinedfather, exiled for political activities, inCuba in 1856. L] Peral; DP70, 61; Pas-quel, 9-10; Mestre, 236; Album de la Paz.Alessio Robles, Miguel(Deceased November 10, 1951) A] De-cember 5, 1884. B] Saltillo, Coahuila.C] Early education unknown; preparatorystudies at the Ateneo Fuente, Saltillo;legal studies at the National School ofLaw, UNAM, 1903-08, law degree, 1909.D] Federal deputy from the State of Coa-
42. 8 / The Biographieshuila,Dist. 1,1920-22. E] None. F] Con-fidential mission to Spain for VenustianoCarranza, 1916; director of the NationalLibrary; private secretary to PresidentAdolfo de la Huerta, 1920; ambassador toSpain, 1921-22; secretary of industry andcommerce, 1922-23. G] None. H] Di-rector of the magazine Todo-, regular con-tributor to El Universal·, author of manybooks. I] Son of Domingo Alessio, Ital-ian, and Cristina Robles; married JosefinaFernández; son Miguel is a lawyer and di-rector general of Sidermex, 1982-88;daughter-in-law is Beatriz Landa Berrio-zábal, descendant of a prominent 19th-century family,· brother Vito Alessio Ro-bles, a prominent revolutionary,· brotherJosé, a career officer. J] Torre Villar, 11;Libro de Oro, 8; WWM45, 3; López, 38;Peral, 37.Alessio Robles, Vito(Deceased June 11, 1957) A] August 14,1879. B] Saltillo, Coahuila. C] Primarystudies at the Colegio de San Juan Nepo-muceno and the Instituto Pestalozzi; pre-paratory studies at the Ateneo Fuente, Sal-tillo, Coahuila; enrolled in the ColegioMilitar, 1897, graduating as a lieutenant ofconstruction engineering, 1903; professorof military tactics, Colegio Militar, 1902;professor, Colegio Civil of Monterrey,1904; professor of history and mathemat-ics, UNAM, 1935-44; professor, School ofMilitary Aspirants, 1909-13. D] Federaldeputy from the Federal District, Dist. 4,1920-22, member of the Great Commit-tee; senator from the State of Coahuila,1922-26. E] President of the Anti-Reelectionist party, 1927-29; supportedfosé Vasconcelos for president, 1927-29;opposed Nazario S. Ortiz Garza for gover-nor of Coahuila, 1929. F] Subsecretary ofjustice under the Convention Govern-ment, 1914; governor of the Federal Dis-trict under the Convention Government,1915; ambassador to Sweden, 1925-26.G] Member of the Mexican Academy ofHistory, 1937-57; member of the Seminarof Mexican Culture, 1943-57. H] Con-tributor to El Universal, La Prensa, Excel-sior-, director of El Heraldo de México,1920; director of El Demócrata, 1920-23;author of many historical works. I] Sonof Domingo Alessio, Italian, and CristinaRobles; married Trinidad Cuevas; brotherMiguel Alessio Robles was private secre-tary to Adolfo de la Huerta, 1920; brotherJosé a career officer. J] Served in the Engi-neering Corps, army, 1903-11; reachedrank of It. colonel of engineers in thearmy, 1909; fought Yaquis; fought originalMaderistas in the battle of Casas Grandes,1911; inspector general of police in theFederal District, 1911-12; chief, generalstaff, President Madero, 1912; military at-taché, Rome, Italy, 1912-13; joined theConstitutionalists, 1913; secretary of theConvention of Aguascalientes, 1914, rep-resenting General Eduardo Carrera, κ] Ar-rested by the government of GeneralHuerta, 1913; exiled, 1929. L] CarrascoPuente, 235; Enc Mex, I, 220; WWM45, 3;López, 38; Peral, 37; Cuevas, 356; Libro deOro, 8; MAH, 1957, 217-19.Alfaro, Francisco(Deceased) A] Unknown. B] Saltillo,Coahuila. C] Preparatory studies in Salti-llo, Monterrey, and San Luis Potosí; com-pleted preparatory in Mexico City; law de-gree, Seminary of Mexico City; awardedlaw degree in Tlaxcala; law degree, Uni-versity of Havana (recognized by Spain),1878. D] Alternate federal deputy fromTacubaya (Federal District), 1877; alter-nate federal deputy from the State of Oa-xaca, Dist. 8, 1894-96; federal deputyfrom the State of Guerrero, Dist. 1, 1904-06, 1906-08, 1908-10; senator from theFederal District, 1910-12. E] None.F] Public defender, 1880-86. G] Vice-president of the Associated Press in Mex-ico, 1886. H] Owner and editor of Foro-,practicing lawyer, 1872-. I] Son of Gen-eral Joseph Marian Alfaro, division com-mander,· father exiled for political reasons.J] None. K] None. L] Hombres promi-nentes, 281-83.Algara (Cervantes), José(Deceased March 10, 1908) A] April 23,1849. B] Mexico City. C] Preparatorystudies at the Colegio de San Ildefonso,Mexico City; law degree, School of Law,Mexico City, 1870; professor of interna-tional law, penal law, and administrativelaw, School of Law, Mexico City. D] Fed-eral deputy from the Federal District,Dist. 9, 1906-08. E] None. F] Syndic,
43. The Biographies / 9City Council of Mexico City,· member,City Council of Mexico City; adviser, Sec-retariat of Foreign Relations, subsecretaryof foreign relations, 1901-08; subsecre-tary in charge of the Secretariat of ForeignRelations, 1903. G] Original shareholderin the Jockey Club; secretary, Chamber ofCommerce, Mexico City. H] Practicinglawyer. I] Son of Ignacio Algara y Gómezand Ana María Cervantes y Ozta; grand-son of General José María Cervantes y Ve-lasco, Marquis of Salinas, 12th Count ofSantiago, and Ana María Ozta y Cotera,daughter of 3rd Marquesa of Rivascacho.J] None. Κ] None. L] Inguíñiz, 1203;Peral, 37-38; FSRE, 139; Mestre, 230-31;DP70, 67; Blue Book, 1901, 87; Ortega, 12;UNAM, law, 1868-69, 22.Almada, Francisco R.A] October 4, 1896. B] Chínipas, Chi-huahua. C] Early education unknown,·completed secondary education; no de-gree; teaching assistant, public schools,1914-16; director of a rural school,1916-19, 1926-28; director, Departmentof Historical Research, University ofChihuahua. D] Mayor of Chinipas, Chi-huahua, 1918, 1919-20, 1921-22; localdeputy to the state legislature of Chihua-hua, 1922-24, 1928-30, 1947-59; federaldeputy from the State of Chihuahua, Dist.5, 1924-26; federal deputy from the Stateof Chihuahua, Dist. 4, 1932-34. E]None. F] Tax collector, Ciudad Juárez;assistant inspector of schools, State ofChihuahua, 1926-28; interim governor ofChihuahua, 1928, 1929-30; oficial mayorof the government of the State of Chihua-hua, 1936, 1942, 1955; secretary general ofgovernment of the State of Chihuahua,1937; secretary of the Education Commis-sion, State of Durango, 1942-44; vice-president, Literacy Council, State ofChihuahua, 1953-55; director, FederalTreasury Office, Colima,· director, NationalCensus, Second Division, 1960. G] Mem-ber, Mexican Academy of History, 1963.H] Employee, private firm, 1911-13; em-ployee, mining company, 1914-22; promi-nent regional historian. I] Unknown.J] None. K] None. L] Enc Mex, I, 241-42; Almada, 574; Mundo Lo, 64.Almeida, Jesús Antonio(Deceased March, 1957) A] 1888. B] Ba-chíniva, Guerrero, Chihuahua, c] Pri-mary studies at Public School No. 73, Ciu-dad Guerrero; no degree. D] Governorof Chihuahua, 1924-27. E] None.F] None. G] None. H] Businessman;rancher,· practicing physician (no degree),learned medicine in army. I] Student ofProfessor Mariano Irigoyen in CiudadGuerrero; political enemy of FernandoOrozco E.; from a family of small ranch-ers; married Susanna Nesbitt Becerra,daughter of important Urique miningfamily. J] Supported Orozco, 1912; orga-nized the municipal guards of Chihuahua,1916; officer, Army Health Section,1911-17, under Colonel Samuel GarcíaCuéllar; opposed Venustiano Carranza,May 1920; director of social defense, Stateof Chihuahua, 1921-23; reached rank ofcolonel. K] Deposed by the state legisla-ture as governor, April 15, 1927; in exilein the United States, 1927. L] Almada,559; Gruening, 410-11; Almada, 1968, 30.Alonzo Romero, Miguel(Deceased December 25, 1964) A] Sep-tember 29, 1887. B] Tekax, Yucatán,c] Primary studies, Tekax; secondary andpreparatory studies, Literary Institute, Mé-rida, Yucatán; medical degree, School ofMedicine, University of Yucatán; ad-vanced studies in Paris, Berlin, London,and Vienna. D] Constitutional deputyfrom the State of Yucatán, Dist. 5, 1910-ί 7, president of the chamber, 1917; fed-eral deputy from the State of Yucatán,Dist. 6, 1917-18; iederal deputy from theState of Yucatán, Dist. 6, 1920-22, presi-dent of the chamber, 1920; mayor of Mex-ico City, 1922. E] President of the Partyin Defense of the Revolution, 1939-40.F] Director, Department of Health, Yuca-tán, 1915, 1922; director of medical ser-vices in the Southeast, 1915; ambassadorto Japan and China, 1929-32; ambassadorto Japan, 1933-34; ambassador to Vene-zuela, 1935; ambassador to Nicaragua,1954-58. G] President, Student Congressof Yucatán, 1913-14; president, AteneoPopular, 1916. H] Physician,· founder, anddirector of El Federalista, a politicalweekly, 1921; author. I] Son of Crescen-do Alonzo and Regina Romero, J] None.
44. 10 / The Biographiesκ] Self-imposed exile studying healthsystems in Europe, Africa, and Asia, 1923-29; remembered for his congressional de-bates with Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama.L] DP70, 75; Peral, 41; Dir social, 1935,270.Altamirano, Manlio Fabio(Deceased June 25, 1936) A] October 12,1892. B] Jalapa, Veracruz. C] Primarystudies in Jalapa and Mexico City; pre-paratory studies, Mexico City; law degree,National School of Law, UNAM. D] Fed-eral deputy from the State of Veracruz,Dist. 1, 1918-20; federal deputy hornthe State of Veracruz, Dist. 8, 1920-22,member of the Great Committee; federaldeputy from the State of Veracruz, Dist. 6,1922-24, member of the Great Commit-tee; federal deputy from the State of Vera-cruz, Dist. 6, 1924-26; federal deputyfrom the State of Veracruz, Dist. 7, 1926-28; senator from the State of Veracruz,1928-32; federal deputy from the State ofVeracruz, Dist. 5, 1934-37; governor-electof Veracruz, 1936. E] Secretary of press ofthe National Executive Committee (CEN)of the National Revolutionary party (PNR),1928; secretary of the exterior and laborof the CEN of PRI, 1931; leader of radicalsocialist groups in Veracruz. F] Direc-tor general of the Talleres Gráficos de laNación. G] None. Η] Director general ofEl Nacional, I] Came from a working-class family. J] None. K] Assassinatedin the Café Tacuba, June 25, 1936, beforetaking office as governor. L] Peral, 43;Enc Mex, I, 249; DP70, 78; López Esc, 45;QesQ, 17-18.Alvarado, Salvador(Deceased June 9, 1924) A] July 20, 1880.B] Culiacán, Sinaloa. c] Began primarystudies in Pótam, Sonora, and completedin Hermosillo; no degree. D] None.E] Supported Madero, 1909-11; activemember of the Anti-Reelectionist party,1910; cofounder of the Socialist Party ofthe Southeast, 1918, at the Socialist Work-ers Congress. F] President of the ElectoralBoard, Hermosillo, Sonora, 1906; governorof Yucatán, 1915-18; secretary of thetreasury, 1920. G] None. H] Employee,pharmacy, Guaymas, Sonora; small busi-nessman, Pótam, Sonora, 1906; grocerystore owner, Cananea, Sonora. I] Son ofTimoteo Alvarado; from a middle-classfamily; married Laura Manzano; knewAdolfo de la Huerta since residence inPótam,· became friend of federal deputyManuel I. Villaseñor in 1919. J] Joinedthe forces of Colonel Juan G. Cabral, 1911,to support Madero,· rank of major, 1911;fought against the rebellion of GeneralPascual Orozco, 1912-13; rank of It. col-onel, 1912; joined the Constitutionalists,1913; chief of the Central Zone of Sonoraunder Governor Ignacio L. Pesqueira,1913; rank of colonel, 1913; rank of briga-dier general, 1913; commander of the pa-rade ground of Mexico City, 1914; com-mander of the Army of the Southeast;military commander of Yucatán, 1915—18; rank of division general, 1915; sup-ported Adolfo de la Huerta's rebellionagainst General Obregón, 1923; chief of dela Huerta's military forces, 1924; killed atLa Hormiga hacienda, Chiapas, by theforces of Federico Aparicio, κ] None.L] Enc Mex, I, 260-61; DP70, 85; QesQ,19; Peral, 44-45; González Dávila, 24-26;Bojórquez, 148-51; Morales Jiménez, 223;Moreno, 307-09; Natayama, 243-49.Alvarez, Alfredo(Deceased July 15, 1939) A] January 1,1876. Β] Teziutlán, Puebla. C] Primaryand secondary studies in Teziutlán; pre-paratory studies in Puebla; no degree.D] Federal deputy from the State ofPuebla, Dist. 13, 1912-13; federal deputyfrom the State of Michoacán, Dist. 12,1922-24. E] Joined the Anti-Reelec-tionist party, 1909; president of the Anti-Reelectionist party in Veracruz. F] Di-rector, presidential residences, 1911;organized the tax service under PresidentVenustiano Carranza; inspector general oftaxes; Treasurer of the Official Committeeto Commemorate Mexico's Independence,1924. G] None. H] Railroad employee,Tabasco,· businessman, Veracruz. I] None.J] Joined Carranza, 1913. κ] None.L] Mundo Lo.Alvarez (Benítez), Diego(Deceased January 28, 1899) A] No-vember 12, 1812. B] Coyuca de Benítez,Guerrero, c] Early education unknown;enrolled in preparatory studies, 1826; be-gan legal studies, but abandoned for a
45. The Biographies / 11military career; no degree. D] Localdeputy to the state legislature of Puebla,1845; federal deputy (twice); governor ofGuerrero, 1862; governor of Guerrero,1873-76; governor of Guerrero, 1882-85; senator from the State of Guerrero,1894-99. E] None. F] None. G] None.H] Owner of La Providencia Hacienda,Acapulco, Guerrero. I] Son of GeneralJuan Alvarez, governor of Guerrero and in-dependence leader, and María FaustinaBenítez. J] Joined the forces of VicenteGuerrero, 1830; aide to father in the battlefor Acapulco, 1832; colonel, auxiliaryforces, 1842; aide to General NicolásBravo, 1842; second-in-command, South-ern Division, 1843; fought North Ameri-cans, 1846; fought in many battles againstthe Conservatives, 1850-58; rank of bri-gade general, November 30, 1865; foughtthe French in Acapulco, 1865; rank ofdivision general, November 30, 1865;commander of the 2nd and 3rd brigades,Southern Division, 1867; commander un-der Porfirio Díaz in taking Mexico City,1867. K] Grew up in the mountains, liv-ing off the land, when father was hidingfrom Spanish troops, 1812-24. L] EncMex, I, 244-46; Mestre, 204; Hombresprominentes, 251-52.Alvarez del Castillo, Juan Manuel(Deceased) A] November 14, 1891.B] Guadalajara, Jalisco. C] Early educa-tion unknown; degree unknown. D] Con-stitutional deputy from the State of Ja-lisco, Dist. 4, 1916-17; federal deputyfrom the State of Jalisco, Dist. 4, 1918-20,1920-22, 1922-24. E] None. F] Rep-resented Adolfo de la Huerta in Wash-ington, D.C., 1923; represented GeneralEscobar in Washington, D.C., 1929; am-bassador to Peru, 1933-36; ambassador tothe Dominican Republic, 1936; ambassa-dor to Norway, 1940; ambassador to Portu-gal, 1940-43; ambassador to Colombia,1944-45; ambassador to Argentina, 1945-51; ambassador to Canada, 1952-53; am-bassador to Brazil, 1954-56; resigned fromthe Foreign Service, 1959. G] None.H] Unknown. I] Unknown, J] Sup-ported Alvaro Obregón against Venus-tiano Carranza, 1920. J] None. K] None.L] López, 49; Peral, 46, Villaseñor, 28;Agraz, 1958, 178.Alvarez García, Higinio(Deceased 1967) A] 1889. Β] Colima,Colima. C] Early education unknown,· nodegree. D] Local deputy to the state leg-islature of Colima, 16th session; senatorfrom Colima, 1924-28. E] Founder andpresident of the Independent party of Co-lima,· candidate for senator from Colimaon the Colima Independent party ticket,1952. F] Interim governor of Colima,1920. G] None. H] Unknown. I] Son ofMiguel Alvarez, local deputy to the statelegislature of Colima and prefect of theCentral District of Colima; brother ofMiguel Alvarez García,governor of Co-lima, 1921-23; uncle of Griselda Alvarez,governor of Colima, 1980-86; grandson ofGeneral Manuel Alvarez, first governor ofColima; related to General JuanJoséRíos.J] Participated in the Revolution,· reachedrank of brigadier general, 1923; supportedGeneral Alvaro Obregón against Adolfode la Huerta, 1923. κ] Proclaimed gover-nor of Colima by the local legislature, Au-gust 6, 1931, but the Senate declared hispowers nonexistent, November 16, 1931;opposed President Plutarco Elias Callesas a senator, 1924; considered to be thepower behind the throne in his brother'sadministration. L] DP70, 89-90; Al-mada, Colima, 18-19; Colliman, 114.Alvarez García, Miguel(Deceased December 14, 1931) A] 1880.B] Colima. C] Early education unknown,·no degree. D] Alternate deputy to thestate legislature of Colima,· governor ofColima, 1919-20; governor of Colima,1921-23. E] None. F] None. G] None.H] Unknown. I] Son of Miguel Alvarez,local deputy to the state legislature of Co-lima and prefect of the Central Districtof Colima; grandson of General ManuelAlvarez, first governor of Colima; brotherof Higinio Alvarez García,governor ofColima, 1921; father of Griselda Alvarez,governor of Colima, 1980-86; related toGeneral Juan fosé Ríos-, close friend ofGilberto Valenzuela and Francisco Solór-zano Béjar, governor of Colima, 1925-27.J] Major, Constitutional Army; supportedVenustiano Carranza, but converted toAlvaro Obregón overnight, 1920. κ] locallegislature removed him from office, buthe was reinstated by the federal govern-
46. 12 / The Biographiesment, 1920; brother considered to be thereal power in his administration. L]DP70, 90; Moreno, 9-12, 73; Peral, Ap-pendix, 18; Almada, Colima, 18, 20.Alvarez y Alvarez de la Cadena, José(Deceased 1970) A] April 10,1885. B] Za-mora, Michoacán. C] Primary, secondary,and preparatory studies, Zamora; privateaccounting degree. D] Mayor of Morelia,Michoacán, 1915; constitutional deputyto the State of Michoacán, Dist. 11, 1916—17. E] Entered politics, 1906; founderand secretary of the Francisco I. MaderoDemocratic Club, 1911; member of theradical Jacobin socialist group as constitu-tional deputy. F] Political chief of Za-mora, Michoacán, 1912-13; private secre-tary to the governor of Michoacán, 1916;chief of staff, 1924-28; representative ofthe National Lottery in Cuernavaca, Mo-relos, 1960s. G] Mason. H] Accountantfor the Bank of Jalisco, Bank of Michoa-cán, Bank of Guerrero, and the Singer Sew-ing Machine Company. I] Son of Dr. JoséMaría Alvarez y Verduzco and ManuelaAlvarez de la Cadena y Ugarte; brother ofRafael Alvarez y Alvarez, senator from Mi-choacán, 1926-30. J] Joined the revolu-tionary forces under Joaquín Amaro as a2nd lieutenant, 1914; chief of staff to Gen-eral Amaro for many years,· rank of brigadegeneral. K] None. L] Enc Mex, I, 266Amaro, Joaquín(Deceased 1952) A] August 16, 1889.B] Corrales de Abrego, Sombrerete, Zaca-tecas, c] Early education unknown,· nodegree; director, Military College, 1931-35. D] None. E] None. F] Subsecretaryof the secretariat of war and navy, 1924-29; secretary of the secretariat of war andnavy, 1924-25, 1929-30, 1930-31; di-rector of military education, 1935-36.G] None. H] None. I] Married ElisaIzaguirre. J] Joined the Revolution in1910, serving under Gertrudis Sánchez-,fought against the forces of BernardoReyes, 1911; fought against the forces ofEmiliano Zapata, 1913; participated inthe battle of Celaya, 1915; joined PlutarcoElias Calles and Alvaro Obregón in sup-port of the Plan of Agua Prieta againstVenustiano Carranza, 1920; rank of di-vision general, 1920; commander of the5th Division of the North, 192Q; foughtagainst the forces of Adolfo de la Huertain the Bajío region, 1923; director of themilitary prison camps, 1924; commanderof the military zones of Chihuahua, Du-rango, Nuevo León, Coahuila, and SanLuis Potosí; commander of the 28th Mili-tary Zone, Oaxaca, Oaxaca, 1947. κ] Pre-candidate for presidency of Mexico, 1939;considered a leading contributor to the ar-my's professionalization. L] Libro de oro,1935-36, 21; Enc Mex, I, 1977, 277-78;DP70, 94-95; López, 52; NYT, 18 Feb.1940, 23; WWM45, 4.Amava, Juan Gualberto(Deceased) A] April 17, 1889. Β] SantaMaria del Oro, Durango. c] Early educa-tion unknown; no degree. D] Governorof Durango, 1928-29. E] None. F] None.G] None. H] Travel agent, 1912-13;farmer and rancher. I] Unknown.J] Joined General Orozco's forces as a 2ndcaptain, January 1911, in support of Ma-dero,· joined the Constitutionalists underGeneral Francisco Murguía's forces in Pie-dras Negras, 1913; rank of It. colonel,1914; rank of colonel, 1915; rank of briga-dier general, 1920; rank of brigade general,February 12, 1924; chief of operations inthe Isthmus of Tehuantepec; chief of op-erations in Saltillo, Coahuila,· chief of op-erations in Puebla, 1925-26; supportedthe rebellion of General José Gonzalo Es-cobar, 1929. Κ] In exile in the UnitedStates, 1929-36; reincorporated into thearmy by President Manuel Avila Camacho.L] Peral, Appendix, 23; Rouaix, 29-20.Amézcua (Amézcua), Genaro(Deceased) A] April 3, 1887. B] MexicoCity, c] Primary and secondary studiesin Huastusco, Orizaba, Jalapa, Veracruz,and Mexico City, in public schools and un-der private teachers,· no degree. D] None.E] Member of the Liberal party, the Demo-cratic party, and the Anti-reelectionistparty,· met Francisco I. Madero and beganworking for his movement, 1908; sup-porter of Flores Magón. F] Oficial mayorin charge of the Secretariat of War, Con-vention Government, 1915. G] None.H] Wrote for El Mundo and La Naciónfrom exile in the United States and Ha-vana, 1917-20. I] Unknown, J] Joined
47. The Biographies / 13Madero, 1910-11; joined the Zapatistas,1911-15; rank of It. colonel, December 25,1911; rank of colonel, November 20, 1912;represented General Eufemio Zapata atthe Convention of Aguascalientes, 1914--5; rank of brigadier general, December10, 1914; rank of brigade general, 1916; re-tired from active duty, 1920. K] Impris-oned in Huajuapan de León for demon-strating publicly in favor of Madero inTehuacán, 1910-11. L] DP70, 99; Peral,52-53; López González, 23-24.Anaya (y Aranda), Buena ventura(Deceased 1898) A] September 20, 1857.Β] Lagos, Jalisco. C] Early education un-known; law degree, School of Law, Guada-lajara, 1876; professor, National School ofLaw. D] Federal deputy from the State ofGuerrero, Dist. 6, 1890-92, 1892-94.E] None. F] Agent of the Superior Tribu-nal of Justice of the State of Jalisco; presi-dent of the Superior Tribunal of Justice ofJalisco,· interim governor of Jalisco, 1889-90. G] None. H] Practicing lawyer.I] Son of Jesús Anaya Torres and HiginiaAranda; married María Alvarez del Cas-tillo y Villaseñor,· daughter María Guada-lupe married engineer Juan Martin delCampo, chief of the Mexico-UnitedStates International Boundary Committee.J] None. K] None. L] Holms, 289; Rice,230; Torres Martínez, 507.Ancona Albertos, Antonio(Deceased February 22, 1954) A] June 1,1883. B] Mérida, Yucatán, c] Prepara-tory studies at the Literary Institute of Yu-catán; no degree. D] Federal deputy fromthe State of Yucatán, Dist. 2, 1912-14;constitutional deputy from the State ofYucatán, Dist. 1, 1916-17; federal deputyfrom the State of Yucatán, Dist. 1, 1917—18; senator from Yucatán, 1918-20, 1920-24, 1924-26. E] Cofounder of the Anti-Reelectionist party in Yucatán, 1909.F] Private secretary to José María PinoSuárez, governor of Yucatán, 1911; provi-sional governor of Yucatán, 1920; gover-nor of Quintana Roo, 1926-27; directorof the Civil Registry, Department of theFederal District, 1952-54. G] None.H] Journalist, El Peninsular, 1904-07;journalist, La Campaña, 1907; journalist,Diario Yucateco, 1907; director, La Vozde la Revolución, 1915; director, El Her-aldo de México, 1920; editorial writer, ElNacional, I] Son of Eligio Ancona Cas-tillo, politician, lawyer, and justice of theSupreme Court, 1890-93, and Manuela Al-bertos Zavalegui; longtime collaboratorwith José María Pino Suárez, beginningwith his career as a journalist; later colla-borator with Salvador Alvarado. J] Joinedthe Constitutionalists, Hermosillo, So-nora, 1914. Κ] Imprisoned by Huerta inthe Juárez Penitentiary with other federaldeputies, 1913; exiled to Cuba and theUnited States, 1913-14; wrote under thepseudonym Mónico Neck. L] López, 53;Valdés Acosta, 2, 56-57; Enc Mex, I, 301;DP70, 104; Alvarez Coral, 103-04.Ancona (y Castillo), José Eligio(Deceased April 3, 1893) A] December 1,1836. Β] Mérida, Yucatán. C] Prepara-tory studies at the Conciliar Seminary ofSan Ildefonso, Yucatán; law degree, Liter-ary University of Yucatán, 1862; foundedthe Literary Institute of Yucatán. D] Mem-ber of the City Council of Mérida, Yuca-tán; federal deputy from Yucatán, 1867,1868-70, 1870-72; interim governor ofYucatán, 1868, 1874-76. E] None.F] Secretary general of government of theState of Yucatán, 1867; judge of the Cir-cuit Court of Yucatán; justice of theSupreme Court, 1890-93. G] None.H] Practicing lawyer; founded La Pildora-,founded Yucatán, 1866; author of numer-ous historical works and novels. I] Son ofAntonio Maria de Ancona y Cárdenas andFernanda del Castillo y Echavarría; grand-son of regidor Juan Ramón de Ancona yCepeda,· descendant of lawyer FranciscoAncona de Ancona y Cepeda; marriedManuela Albertos Zavalegui; son AntonioAncona Albertos served as deputy andsenator from Yucatán, J] Joined theforces of General Cepeda Peraza, 1867.Κ] Imprisoned in Cozumel, 1866-67.L] Enc de Yucatán, 5, 829; García Rivas,220-22; Romero Flores, 52-58; Mestre,182; Valdés Acosta, 2, 37, 52-53; MartínezAlomía, 232-36; Pavía, judicial, 48-59.Andrade López, Cayetano(Deceased June 10, 1962) A] August 7,1890. B] Moroleón, Guanajuato, c] Pri-mary studies at Public School No. 1, 1898-
48. 14 / The Biographies1902; preparatory studies from the Cole-gio de San Nicolás, 1903-08; medicalstudies on a scholarship, School of Medi-cine, Colegio de San Nicolás, 1909-14,graduating January 23, 1914. D] Consti-tutional deputy from the State of Michoa-cán, Dist. 3, 1916-17, president of thechamber,· federal deputy from the State ofMichoacán, Dist. 2, 1918-20; federaldeputy from the State of Guanajuato, Dist.12, 1924-26; local deputy to the state leg-islature of Guanajuato, 1928-32; federaldeputy from the State of Guanajuato, Dist.3, 1952-55. E] Participated in a studentstrike, 1910; supported Madero. F] Direc-tor, official paper, under General Gertru-dis G. Sánchez, Morella; school inspector,Morelia, Michoacán; physician, MedicalDepartment, Secretariat of Health, 1935-51; director general of information, Secre-tariat of Government, 1955-58; director,Diario Oficial, Secretariat of Government,1958-62. H] Journalist, 1909-16; editorof El Girondino-, published student maga-zine Flor de Loto-, physician, Morelia; phy-sician, Mexico City, 1918-24. I] Son ofDr. Ramón Andrade and Francisca López.J] None. Κ] None. L] Dicc mich, 22;DP70; Romero Flores, 395-98; Peral, ap-pendix, 24.Andreu (Andrew) Almazán, Juan(Deceased October 9, 1965) A] May 12,1891. B] Olinalá, Guerrero. C] Primarystudies in Olinalá; preparatory studies atthe Colegio de Puebla, 1903-08; medicalstudies, Colegio de Puebla, 1908-10, nodegree. D] None. E] None. F] Secre-tary of communications and public works,1930-32. G] None. H] Director of theAnáhuac Construction Company. I] Sonof Juan Andreu and María Almazán Nava,wealthy landowners; friend of revolution-ary precursor Aquiles Serdán,· brother ofLeonides Andreu Almazán. J] Joined theRevolution in 1910 under Francisco I. Ma-dero; fought under Emiliano Zapata,1911; rank of brigadier general, May 3,1911; opposed Francisco I. Madero, 1911-12; joined General Victoriano Huerta,1913; fought against Rómulo Figueroa,· op-posed Venustiano Carranza, 1915; oneof the youngest revolutionary generals,·joined Obregón, 1920; rank of divisiongeneral, January 1, 1921; opposed theAdolfo de la Huerta rebellion, 1923; com-mander of the 5th Military Zone, Monter-rey, Nuevo León, 1924-34; commander ofa military column against General JoséGonzalo Escobar, 1929; commander of the6th Military Zone, Torreón, Coahuila.K] Went into exile after General Huertawas defeated, 1914; resigned from thearmy in 1939 to become a presidentialcandidate of the Revolutionary Party ofNational Unification; after defeat wentinto exile in Panama, Cuba, and theUnited States, 1940-47, but later returnedto Mexico. L] DP70, 107; Enc Mex I, 407;NYT, 1 Aug. 1938; Peral, 55; NYT, 11 Oct.1965, 39.Andreu (Andrew) Almazán, Leonides(Deceased January 18, 1963) A] August 8,1896. B] Olinalá, Guerrero, c] Prepara-tory studies in Puebla; medical degreefrom the National School of Medicine,UNAM, 1923; hygienist at the Universityof Paris; professor of medicine at the Mili-tary Medical School. D] Governor ofPuebla, 1929-33, resigned shortly beforecompletion of term. E] None. F] Am-bassador to Great Britain, 1935; ministerto Germany, October 27, 1935-38; headof the Department of Health, 1938-39.G] None. H] Chief of the Clinic of theNecker Institute in Mexico City; chief ofurological services of the Military Hospi-tal in Mexico City,· chief of the PharmacyDepartment of the Mexican Institute ofSocial Security; adviser to the Mexican In-stitute of Social Security. I] Brother ofJuan Andreu Almazán; resigned as head ofthe Health Department to direct brother'scampaign for president, 1939; son of JuanAndreu and María Almazán Nava, wealthylandowners,· related to Miguel Andreu Al-mazán, federal deputy from Guerrero,Dist. 4, 1937-39. J] Fought with Emili-ano Zapata during the Revolution.L] Peral, 55; DP70, 106-07.Angeles (Ramirez), Jr., Felipe(Deceased November 26, 1919) A] Za-cualtipan, Hidalgo. B] June 13, 1869.C] Primary studies, Molango, Huejutla,and Pachuca, Hidalgo; scholarship to theNational Military College, 1883; cadet in-structor, National Military College; stud-ies in powder manufacturing in the United
49. The Biographies / 15States,· studies in France, 1910-11; di-rector, National Military College, 1912.D] None. E] None. F] Subsecretary ofwar, 1913; military commission to Europe,1913. G] None. H] None. I] Son ofColonel Felipe Angeles, veteran of the waragainst the French and commander of vari-ous districts, and Juana Ramírez; brotherAlberto J. Angeles was a military engineerand poet. J] Career artillery officer; rankof brigadier general, 1911; fought Zapatis-tas for Madero,· commanding general of ar-tillery, 1912-13; defended President Fran-cisco I. Madero against Félix Díaz-, joinedthe Constitutionalists, 1913; joined Fran-cisco Villa, 1914, becoming a key adviser;represented at the Convention of Aguasca-lientes, 1914-15; fought against Venus-tiano Carranza, 1919. κ] Exiled in ElPaso and later New York City, 1915-18;considered one of the leading artillerytechnicians in the army; captured in Chi-huahua and executed. L] DP70, 108;López, 54-55; QesQ, 29-30; Pérez López,40-42.Aragón (León), Agustín(Deceased March 30, 1954) A] August 28,1870. Β] Jonacatepec, Morelos. C] Pri-mary studies in Joncatepec; preparatorystudies at the National Preparatory School,1884-88; geological engineering studies,National School of Engineering, 1889-91,degree in topographical and geographicalengineering, 1891; degree in hydrologicalengineering, 1893; degree in civil engi-neering; studies in medicine, NationalSchool of Medicine, 1893-94 (completedsecond year); dean, National School of Ag-riculture, 1914-15. D] Federal deputyfrom the State of Veracruz, 1900-02, Dist.3, 1900-02; federal deputy from the Stateof Michoacán, Dist. 15, 1902-04, 1904-06, 1906-08, 1908-10. E] SupportedBernardo Reyes against Porfirio Díaz-,member of the Anti-Reelectionist party,·candidate for governor of Morelos, 1912.F] Aide, Boundary Commission, Mexico-United States, 1891-92; first official,National Property Office, 1894; oficialmayor of development, Convention Gov-ernment, 1914; subsecretary of develop-ment, Convention Government, 1914-15;adviser to the president of Mexico, 1954.G] Dean, Mexican Society of Geogra-phy and Statistics; president, NationalAcademy of Sciences. H] Founder andeditor of Revista Positivista, 1901-14.I] Son of José Hermenegildo Aragón andVictoria León; son, Agustín Aragón Leiva,writer and journalist; student of PorfirioParra-, related to Rosario Aragón, promi-nent military leader during the Frenchintervention, J] None. K] Defended JoseLópez Portillo y Rojas against the govern-ment in the Chamber of Deputies. L] EncMex, I, 344; López, 57; Carreño, 347-48;DP70, 125; García Rivas, 4, 176-77; Go-mez, 31-32; Peral, 59; WWM45, 5.Aranda Valdivia, Manuel(Deceased February 8, 1952) A] 1869.B] Purísima del Rincón, Guanajuato.C] Primary and secondary studies in Purí-sima del Rincón; preparatory studies inLeón, Guanajuato,· mining engineering de-gree from the University of Guanajuato,1900; senior professor, University of Gua-najuato,· rector of the University of Guana-juato. D] Alternate federal deputy fromthe State of Guanajuato, Dist. 9, 1912-13;mayor of Guanajuato (appointed by JesúsCarranza); constitutional deputy from theState of Guanajuato, Dist. 9, 1916-17; lo-cal deputy to the state legislature of Gua-najuato, 1922-23, 1932-34. E] Candi-date for governor of Guanajuato, 1923.F] Technical engineer, Secretariat of theTreasury; representative of the Secretariatof the Treasury, State of Puebla; politicalchief of Guanajuato, 1912; chief, TreasuryDepartment, State of Guanajuato, 1920-22. G] None. H] None. I] Son of Ma-tías Aranda Ruiz and Lucia G. Valdivia,bJ] None. K] None. L] C de D,1916-17; C de D, 1912-13.Araujo (y Araujo), Emilio(Deceased October 23, 1953) A] August 9,1892. B] Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas.C] Early education unknown; law degree,National School of Law, UNAM, 1913-17.D] Mayor of Tuxtla Gutiérrez,· federaldeputy from the State of Chiapas, Dist. 1,1917-18, 1918-20, president of the Cham-ber; federal deputy from State of Chiapas,Dist. 3, 1937-40; interim governor ofChiapas, 1938; senator from Chiapas,1940-46; president of the Senate, 1942;president of the First Justice Committee,